Cancer diet nutrition
Wang Y, Nangia-Makker P, Balan V, et al. Moreover, tumor growth rates were significantly reduced in mice drinking PJ compared with mice drinking normal water only. : Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis. Montague JA, Butler LM, Wu AH, et al. Their inclusion should not be considered an endorsement of the content of the websites, or of any treatment or product, by the PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board or the National Cancer Institute. As a result, CYP1B1 inhibitors may be effective anticarcinogenic targets. : Green tea extract (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) reduces efficacy of radiotherapy on prostate cancer cells. National Cancer Institute: SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Prostate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9 (6): 635-54, 2010. Malik A, Afaq F, Sarfaraz S, et al. Some research suggests that green tea may have a protective effect against cardiovascular disease and against various forms of cancer, including prostate cancer. After 6 months, 6 of the 30 men in the placebo group were diagnosed with prostate cancer, whereas none of the 30 subjects in the GTC group were diagnosed with prostate cancer. : Effects of dosing condition on the oral bioavailability of green tea catechins after single-dose administration of Polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, et al. One potential genetic biomarker candidate is manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), which is the primary antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria. Finding a specific link between a food or part of a food and cancer is difficult. A greater decrease in serum PSA levels was observed in men treated with lycopene supplements, compared with those who did not take the supplementation. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 59 (3): 213-23, 2013. : Randomized clinical trial of brewed green and black tea in men with prostate cancer prior to prostatectomy. Treatment with EGCG resulted in reductions in tumor volume and decreases in serum PSA levels compared with vehicle treatment. Calcium, the most abundant mineral in the body, is found in some foods, added to others, available as a dietary supplement, and present in some medicines (such as antacids). A qualitative study published in 2005 described results from interviews with prostate cancer patients. J Am Coll Nutr 30 (5 Suppl 1): 464S-70S, 2011. : Milk and dairy consumption among men with prostate cancer and risk of metastases and prostate cancer death. : Acute liver failure induced by green tea extracts: case report and review of the literature. Lycopene is a carotenoid, a natural pigment made by plants and various fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes, apricots, guavas, and watermelon. Cell incubation with sera from men who consumed purified lycopene led to significant up-regulation of IGFBP-3, c-fos, and uPAR compared with sera collected after placebo consumption. Wang Y, Jacobs EJ, Newton CC, et al. Studies of the association between calcium and prostate cancer have been limited to nutritional sources of calcium, such as dairy products. Results indicated that the number and size of tumors in treated TRAMP mice were significantly decreased, compared with untreated animals. In a 2011 study, 50 prostate cancer patients were randomly assigned to receive Polyphenon E (800 mg EGCG) or a placebo daily for 3 to 6 weeks before surgery. Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. The arils are mainly composed of water and also contain phenolics and flavonoids. Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS, et al. Chow HH, Hakim IA, Vining DR, et al. Chow HH, Cai Y, Alberts DS, et al. : Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: formation of different metabolites and individual variability. Wu KM, Yao J, Boring D: Green tea extract-induced lethal toxicity in fasted but not in nonfasted dogs. Ahn J, Albanes D, Peters U, et al. At least two randomized controlled trials have shown an overall decreased rate of progression to atypical small acinar proliferation or prostate cancer in men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) treated with GTCs. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11 (3): 266-77, 2008. In this placebo-controlled trial, circulating lycopene concentration increased only after consumption of red tomato paste and purified lycopene. : Plasma carotenoids and tocopherols in relation to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels among men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Khan N, Afaq F, Mukhtar H: Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: progress and promise. To evaluate the association between calcium intake and prostate cancer mortality and morbidity, it may be important to assess objective, biological markers of calcium, include data that account for nutritional and supplemental calcium intake, and control for other confounding factors. For green tea, seven observational studies were identified, and most were from Asia. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7 (4): 435-44, 2014. Treating prostate cancer cells with lycopene resulted in dose-dependent decreases in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis), total cholesterol, and cell growth, and an increase in apoptosis. : Green tea polyphenols. Bioavailable tea polyphenols were found in prostate samples of the patients who had consumed green tea and black tea. : Carotenoid intake and adipose tissue carotenoid levels in relation to prostate cancer aggressiveness among African-American and European-American men in the North Carolina-Louisiana prostate cancer project (PCaP). The results showed that treatment with PJ increased adhesion and decreased the migration of prostate cancer cells. Serum PSA levels did not respond to lycopene treatment. Class I HDACs are often overexpressed in various cancers, including prostate cancer. Prostate cancer cells were treated with bovine milk, almond milk, soy milk, casein, or lactose in a 2011 study. Tate PL, Bibb R, Larcom LL: Milk stimulates growth of prostate cancer cells in culture. , eds. One study of 40 patients with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) received 4 mg of lycopene twice a day or no lycopene supplementation for 2 years. In one experiment, healthy volunteers consumed mixed-vegetable salads with nonfat, low-fat, or full-fat salad dressing. Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS: Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque. PSA stabilization in 5 (29%) of 17 and PSA progression in 12 (71%) of 17. : Green tea and black tea consumption and prostate cancer risk: an exploratory meta-analysis of observational studies. Among 42 participants, 1 patient exhibited a 50% decrease in serum PSA level compared with baseline, but this response was not sustained beyond 2 months. In an open label, phase II clinical study, prostate cancer patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy consumed four Polyphenon E tablets containing tea polyphenols, providing 800 mg EGCG daily until surgery. Barber NJ, Zhang X, Zhu G, et al. Mordente A, Guantario B, Meucci E, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 106 (2): djt430, 2014. Antioxidants, such as beta carotene, selenium, and vitamins C and E. : Serum lycopene and the risk of cancer: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study. : Green tea polyphenols and metabolites in prostatectomy tissue: implications for cancer prevention. Plasma lycopene levels rose and appeared to plateau by 3 months for all doses. A Swedish study published in 2011 found that, overall, participants with prostate cancer were more likely to have used supplements than were healthy population-based control subjects. trial, 400 mg of EGCG containing Polyphenon E was administered for 1 year to nonfasting men with HGPIN and atypical small acinar proliferation. Of note, in both the 2006 and 2013 studies, two patients in each trial had a 50% decline in PSA. A set of experiments investigated the effects of green tea polyphenols on GSTP1 expression. The researchers postulated that, because it has a lower molecular weight, PectaSol-C may have better bioavailability than PeS. During the first 6 years of the study, there were significantly fewer prostate cancer cases in the calcium group compared with the placebo group. : Lycopene and cardiovascular diseases: an update. S. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 (10 Pt 1): 1025-32, 2002. Ansari MS, Gupta NP: Lycopene: a novel drug therapy in hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer. However, this study found that combining olive oil, but not sunflower oil, with tomatoes resulted in greater plasma antioxidant activity. : A comparison of plasma and prostate lycopene in response to typical servings of tomato soup, sauce or juice in men before prostatectomy. : Differential effects of lycopene consumed in tomato paste and lycopene in the form of a purified extract on target genes of cancer prostatic cells. GTP composition varies widely, depending on processing and source of the tea leaves. A 2004 meta-analysis of studies investigating tomato intake and prostate cancer risk found a small positive effect of tomato products on risk reduction. General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI website. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 (1): 92-8, 2006. Reference citations in some PDQ cancer information summaries may include links to external websites that are operated by individuals or organizations for the purpose of marketing or advocating the use of specific treatments or products. Very limited clinical research has been done with a couple of CP-containing products. A number of clinical studies have been conducted investigating lycopene as a chemopreventive agent and as a potential treatment for prostate cancer. 2% POMx in drinking water, which resulted in an intake corresponding to 250 or 500 mL of PJ per day for an average adult human). : Lycopene, tomato products and prostate cancer-specific mortality among men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 5 (2): 290-8, 2012. Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Syed DN, et al. In addition, treating prostate cancer cells with lycopene resulted in a significant decrease in the number of lycopene-treated cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, suggesting that lycopene may lower cell proliferation by altering cell-cycle progression. Plasma lycopene increased from baseline to the end of treatment in all treatment groups, with the greatest increase observed in the 45 mg lycopene-supplemented arm. Lycopene may also affect the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) intracellular pathway in prostate cancer cells. Plant-based foods, including naturally-occurring chemicals called phytochemicals such as. However, six episodes of grade 3 toxicity occurred, involving insomnia, confusion, and fatigue. Vitamin and supplement use has also been documented in men at risk of developing prostate cancer. : Pharmacokinetics and safety of green tea polyphenols after multiple-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E in healthy individuals. The bioavailability of lycopene has been examined and demonstrated in several studies relating lycopene to prostate cancer and other diseases. Prostate cancer patients with rising PSA levels received six PeS capsules 3 times a day (totaling 14. Kumar NB, Besterman-Dahan K, Kang L, et al. aggressive prostate cancer or androgen-dependent vs. : Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study obtained dietary information and ascertained total and lethal prostate cancer cases from 1986 through January 31, 2010. Gross necropsy revealed therapy-induced lesions in the gastrointestinal tracts, livers, kidneys, reproductive organs, and hematopoietic tissues of treated male and female dogs. Levels of tumor markers for angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation and differentiation were monitored. Clark PE, Hall MC, Borden LS Jr, et al. Sometimes foods have different effects on the body depending on how much you eat. : A prospective study of dietary calcium, dairy products and prostate cancer risk (Finland). Tachibana H: Molecular basis for cancer chemoprevention by green tea polyphenol EGCG. A phase II study reported that pomegranate extract was associated with an increase of at least 6 month in PSADT in both treatment arms (different doses), without adverse effects. Percentage increase in alpha-tocopherol and trans-beta-carotene levels from baseline to month 3 was associated with lower PSA levels at 3 and 6 months. Koyama S, Cobb LJ, Mehta HH, et al. : A randomized phase II study of pomegranate extract for men with rising PSA following initial therapy for localized prostate cancer. All four treatments resulted in statistically significant increases in apoptosis and dose-dependent decreases in cell proliferation in the three cell lines. : Effective prostate cancer chemopreventive intervention with green tea polyphenols in the TRAMP model depends on the stage of the disease. Increased oral bioavailability occurs when GTEs are administered on an empty stomach after an overnight fast. Additionally, these effects in the cancer cells were observed at concentrations of lycopene that are relevant and achievable in vivo. In a 2003 study, patients with androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer consumed 6 g of powdered green tea extract daily for up to 4 months. Lycopene is a phytochemical that belongs to a group of pigments known as carotenoids. Bunker CH, McDonald AC, Evans RW, et al. : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of pomegranate extract on rising PSA levels in men following primary therapy for prostate cancer. : A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. During follow-up, adenocarcinomas were diagnosed more often in patients who had not received the supplements (6 of 20) than in men who had received lycopene (2 of 20). Some research suggests that MCP may be protective against various types of cancer, including colon, lung, and prostate cancer. Peters U, Leitzmann MF, Chatterjee N, et al. Other vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, vitamin D, and B vitamins. Bettuzzi S, Brausi M, Rizzi F, et al. Lansky EP, Jiang W, Mo H, et al. At the time of the survey, almost 60% of the men were using vitamins or supplements. : Effect of lycopene on androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen velocity. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. : Pomegranate fruit juice for chemoprevention and chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Mossine VV, Chopra P, Mawhinney TP: Interaction of tomato lycopene and ketosamine against rat prostate tumorigenesis. Preventive Services Task Force. : A population-based survey of complementary and alternative medicine use in men recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. EGCG has been shown to act as an androgen antagonist and can suppress prostate cancer cell proliferation, suppress production of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by prostate cancer cells, and demonstrate potent and selective proapoptotic activity in prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. Safety and efficacy assessments were performed at baseline and when mice were 12, 22, and 32 weeks old. Preclinical research suggests that modified citrus pectin (MCP) may have effects on cancer growth and metastasis through multiple potential mechanisms. : Tea polyphenols decrease serum levels of prostate-specific antigen, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate cancer patients and inhibit production of hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (41): 14813-8, 2005. General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI website. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14 (3): 586-9, 2005. Arab L, Steck S: Lycopene and cardiovascular disease. Fruits and vegetables probably protect against several cancers, including mouth, throat, voice box, esophagus, stomach, lung, pancreas, and prostate. In a second study, the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was modified to separately overexpress each of four antioxidant enzymes. Understanding Statistics Used to Estimate Risk and Recommend Screening. All tea originates from the Camellia sinensis (L. : The use of complementary therapy by men with prostate cancer in the UK. Other studies have examined the potential therapeutic effect of lycopene-containing products in men with prostate cancer. No overall clinical benefit was seen in decreasing the rate of progression to prostate cancer. : Risk of prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial of calcium supplementation. Ellagitannins (the main polyphenols in pomegranate juice) are hydrolyzed to ellagic acid, and then to urolithin A (UA) derivatives. A meta-analysis published in 2008 reviewed studies that reported vitamin and mineral supplement use among cancer survivors. Laboratory, preclinical, and early-phase clinical trials have identified EGCG as one of the most potent modulators of molecular pathways thought to be relevant to prostate carcinogenesis. However, these substances may have induced apoptosis by different mechanisms. Thomas F, Holly JM, Persad R, et al. Here is some information about specific plant-based foods that have been researched as way to prevent cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 18 (3): 242-8, 2015. Lycopene has also been studied for potential therapeutic effects in xenograft models. Mein JR, Lian F, Wang XD: Biological activity of lycopene metabolites: implications for cancer prevention. : Possible synergistic prostate cancer suppression by anatomically discrete pomegranate fractions. Selenium is an essential trace mineral involved in a number of biological processes, including kinase regulation, gene expression, and immune function. Pomegranate juice and extract, as well as some of their bioactive components, inhibit the proliferation of various prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and induce apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Polyphenols, which are found in herbs, spices, vegetables, green tea, apples, and berries. : Meat and dairy consumption and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in a US cohort study. Hayashi A, Gillen AC, Lott JR: Effects of daily oral administration of quercetin chalcone and modified citrus pectin on implanted colon-25 tumor growth in Balb-c mice. : Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis. Chow HH, Cai Y, Hakim IA, et al. Gasmi J, Sanderson JT: Growth inhibitory, antiandrogenic, and pro-apoptotic effects of punicic acid in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. 2%) or high (2. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, et al. This study demonstrated that plasma carotenoids at diagnosis, particularly among men carrying specific somatic variations, were inversely associated with risk of high-grade prostate cancer. : Chemoprevention of prostate cancer with lycopene in the TRAMP model. : Lycopene bioavailability is associated with a combination of genetic variants. General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI website. Following inoculation, animals were randomly assigned to receive normal drinking water or PJ (0. androgen-independent prostate cancer). Foods contain many things that may contribute to cancer prevention. : Green tea catechins suppress the DNA synthesis marker MCM7 in the TRAMP model of prostate cancer. Kim HS, Bowen P, Chen L, et al. Gann PH, Deaton RJ, Rueter EE, et al. Molinari M, Watt KD, Kruszyna T, et al. The results of a 2011 study suggested that green tea polyphenols may exert anticancer effects by inhibiting histone deacetylases ( HDACs ). Perhaps, future clinical trials should include longer duration of consistent lycopene exposure, while accounting for variations in individual absorption of carotenoids and heterogeneity of high-risk (HGPIN, atypical small acinar proliferation) and prostate cancer patient populations (indolent vs. S. Notably, 75% of subjects in the 30 mg lycopene-supplemented arm had a decrease in the percentage of cells expressing Ki-67, compared with the subjects in the control group, in which 100% of the subjects observed an increase. Selenium is an essential trace mineral involved in a number of biological processes, including enzyme regulation, gene expression, and immune function. A 2006 study examined lycopene and tomato product intakes and prostate cancer risk among PLCO participants who had been followed for an average of 4. Molecular analyses revealed that PJ increased the expression of cell-adhesion related genes and inhibited the expression of genes involved in cytoskeletal function and cellular migration. Intermediate gene expression changes were observed using sera collected from participants after consumption of yellow tomato paste with low carotenoid content. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 3 (8): 985-93, 2010. Sang S, Lambert JD, Ho C, et al. , early stage, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse, advanced disease ) have yielded inconsistent results. McCarthy S, Caporali A, Enkemann S, et al. Several epidemiologic studies have assessed potential associations between lycopene intake and prostate cancer incidence. Kristal AR, Till C, Platz EA, et al. Guess BW, Scholz MC, Strum SB, et al. Cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition and effects on insulin-like growth factor binding protein -3 (IGFBP-3) have been identified as being involved in the in vitro activity. : Phase I-II prospective dose-escalating trial of lycopene in patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer after definitive local therapy. Kim SJ, Amankwah E, Connors S, et al. McDermott CL, Blough DK, Fedorenko CR, et al. Oral intake of either a GTC solution or EGCG alone was associated with significant reductions in tumor size, reduced multiplicity, and reduced development of prostate cancer in studies with transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. Int J Impot Res 19 (6): 564-7, 2007 Nov-Dec. Although many prostate cancer patients use CAM treatments, they do not all disclose their CAM use to treating physicians. The relationship between green tea intake and prostate cancer has been examined in several epidemiological studies. No differences in PSA values between the intervention and control groups. For prostate cancer patients, the results suggest some potential clinical benefits with relatively minor and infrequent adverse events. GTCs include EGCG, EC, EGC, ECG, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins derived from these catechin monomers. Bauer CM, Ishak MB, Johnson EK, et al. : Increases in plasma lycopene concentration after consumption of tomatoes cooked with olive oil. Small, solid tumors appeared earlier in mice drinking normal water only than in mice drinking PJ (8 days vs. Baron JA, Beach M, Wallace K, et al. The animals consumed low (0. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 9 (4): 407-13, 2006. Other findings suggested that POMx treatment reduced mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448 and Ser2481, whereas IGFBP-3 increased phosphorylation at those sites. Although both treatments decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, the nanoparticle treatment had a greater effect at a lower concentration than did free EGCG. : Exposure and toxicity of green tea polyphenols in fasted and non-fasted dogs. Food sources of selenium include meat, vegetables, and nuts. These studies have demonstrated that although increased oral bioavailability occurs when GTCs are consumed in a fasting state, increased gastrointestinal toxicity is also more common. , CpG islands) may be a molecular marker of prostate cancer. Did not alter serum PSA levels except in one patient. : Cancer prevention by tea: Evidence from laboratory studies. ) is native to Asia and cultivated widely throughout world. : Effect of dietary vitamin D and calcium on the growth of androgen-insensitive human prostate tumor in a murine model. : Ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract inhibits angiogenesis in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Brausi M, Rizzi F, Bettuzzi S: Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by green tea catechins: two years later. Some studies have assessed possible beneficial interactions between lycopene and conventional cancer therapies. Isbrucker RA, Edwards JA, Wolz E, et al. Borel P, Desmarchelier C, Nowicki M, et al. , eds. Park Y, Mitrou PN, Kipnis V, et al. Thakur VS, Gupta K, Gupta S: The chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potentials of tea polyphenols. Fielding JM, Rowley KG, Cooper P, et al. 2% PJ, respectively, developed tumors. Most people eat and drink a variety of foods, creating interactions that are challenging to study. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227 (10): 881-5, 2002. 2% POMx in drinking water) for 28 weeks. Spinach provides calcium, but its bioavailability is poor. Healthy males participated in a crossover design study that attempted to differentiate the effects of a tomato matrix from those of lycopene by using lycopene-rich red tomatoes, lycopene-free yellow tomatoes, and purified lycopene. J Agric Food Chem 58 (23): 12149-56, 2010. However, studies of association between calcium and prostate cancer have been limited to nutritional sources of calcium, such as dairy products. : Safety studies on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) preparations. More possible and probable grade 2 through grade 3 events in men who received Polyphenon E were observed and compared with those in men who received placebo. : Dairy products, calcium and prostate cancer risk. Many of the medical and scientific terms used in this summary are hypertext linked (at first use in each section) to the NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms, which is oriented toward nonexperts. Some studies have suggested that cancer cells have altered cholesterol-biosynthesis pathways. Three clinical studies have examined the effect of interventions with pomegranate products on changes in PSADT in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer who had a rising PSA after surgery or radiation therapy for presumed localized cancer. Talvas J, Caris-Veyrat C, Guy L, et al. In this prospective cohort study, an inverse association between lycopene levels and overall cancer risk was observed, suggesting that higher concentrations of lycopene may help lower cancer risk overall. The combination treatment inhibited proliferation in four of five cell lines to a greater extent than did treatment with docetaxel alone. 2nd ed. However, a phase III placebo-controlled trial of pomegranate juice and extract did not show a significant increase in PSADT. A 2011 meta-analysis examined the consumption of green and black tea and prostate cancer risk. Green tea was well tolerated by most study participants. In vitro studies that have examined a link between lycopene and prostate carcinogenesis have suggested several mechanisms by which lycopene might reduce prostate cancer risk. Consumption of typical servings of processed tomato products results in differing plasma and prostate lycopene concentrations. Butler LM, Wong AS, Koh WP, et al. Burlington, Ma: Academic Press, 2006, pp 597-606. Although hepatotoxicity in most cases resolved within 4 months of stopping GTEs, there have been cases of positive rechallenge and liver failure requiring liver transplantation. Onset of gastrointestinal events typically occurred within 2 to 3 hours of dosing and resolved within 2 hours. Iguchi T, Wang CY, Delongchamps NB, et al. Antwi SO, Steck SE, Su LJ, et al. : Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption. 2 years. Increased methylation leads to silencing of the gene. Pienta KJ, Naik H, Akhtar A, et al. Clinical Trials of Lycopene for Prostate Cancer Treatment a. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 (2): 203-10, 2006. 1% or 0. : Phase I pharmacokinetic study of tea polyphenols following single-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E. One study investigated the effects of selenium nanoparticles on prostate cancer cells. Additionally, no objective markers of calcium, such as serum calcium, were obtained from these cohorts. In a recent review, the U. With the increasing consumption of green tea worldwide, including by the U. The safety of tea and tea compounds is supported by centuries of consumption by the human population. Patients scheduled for surgery who did not receive the tomato sauce pasta entrees served as control subjects. There is evidence that selenoproteins may be associated with carcinogenesis. Sera samples collected before and after the interventions were incubated with lymph node cancer prostate cells to measure the expression of 45 target genes. : Milk consumption is a risk factor for prostate cancer in Western countries: evidence from cohort studies. The results indicated a statistically significant inverse association between green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk in the three case-control studies, but no association was found in the four cohort studies. Harper CE, Patel BB, Wang J, et al. Animal models have been used in several studies investigating the effects of green tea on prostate cancer. Basu A, Penugonda K: Pomegranate juice: a heart-healthy fruit juice. Qiu X, Yuan Y, Vaishnav A, et al. Ray R, Banks M, Abuzahra H, et al. 1% or 0. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare, 2010, pp 504-17. GTCs have been well tolerated in clinical studies that target disease-free men, men with precursor lesions, and men with prostate cancer. Mitrou PN, Albanes D, Weinstein SJ, et al. Others slow cancer cell growth or block inflammation. Part 2: dermal, acute and short-term toxicity studies. Many lower the risk of damage caused by oxidants, such as tobacco or ozone. Koh KA, Sesso HD, Paffenbarger RS Jr, et al. : Targeted biocompatible nanoparticles for the delivery of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate to prostate cancer cells. The results of epidemiologic studies suggest some complexity in the association between blood levels of selenium and the risk of developing prostate cancer. Lower PSA values in men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer with highest increases in lycopene levels. Mohanty NK, Saxena S, Singh UP, et al. : A tomato-based, lycopene-containing intervention for androgen-independent prostate cancer: results of a Phase II study from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group. By age 34 weeks, 90% of the water-fed mice exhibited metastases to distant organs whereas only 20% of the mice that received pomegranate juice showed metastasis.
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Yuan JM: Cancer prevention by green tea: evidence from epidemiologic studies. Most studies have examined the association of lycopene intake with the risk of all prostate cancers and have not separately considered indolent versus aggressive disease. Foods fortified with calcium include many fruit juices and drinks, tofu, and cereals. Velicer CM, Ulrich CM: Vitamin and mineral supplement use among US adults after cancer diagnosis: a systematic review. population, emerging data from ongoing studies will further contribute to defining the cancer preventive activity of green tea or GTCs. Lipid profile, antioxidant status, PSA, and IGF-1 were not modified by consumption of tomato pastes and lycopene. : A randomized trial of lycopene supplementation in Tobago men with high prostate cancer risk. McLarty J, Bigelow RL, Smith M, et al. Clinical trials utilizing lycopene in prostate cancer patients with various different clinical presentations (e. J Agric Food Chem 57 (22): 10636-44, 2009. Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Sarfaraz S, et al. Lycopene inhibits androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells in vitro and, along with some of its metabolites, reduces prostate cancer cell proliferation and may modulate cell-cycle progression. Lycopene has been investigated for its role in chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Luo KL, Luo JH, Yu YP: (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces Du145 prostate cancer cell death via downregulation of inhibitor of DNA binding 2, a dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein. Jackson CL, Dreaden TM, Theobald LK, et al. These findings come from the American Institute of Cancer Research (AICR) and World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF). Kucuk O, Sarkar FH, Djuric Z, et al. Some studies suggest that high total calcium intake may be associated with increased risk of advanced and metastatic prostate cancer, compared with lower intake of calcium. Landau JM, Lambert JD, Yang CS: Green tea. Prostate cancer cells that expressed galectin-3 were found to be resistant to the apoptotic effects of cisplatin. : Low prostate concentration of lycopene is associated with development of prostate cancer in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. 0%) calcium diets and were sacrificed at age 5, 7, or 9 weeks. : Prevalence and correlates of vitamin and supplement usage among men with a family history of prostate cancer. No serious adverse effects have been reported in clinical trials of pomegranate juice administration (8 oz per day for up to 33 months). : Effects of tomato sauce consumption on apoptotic cell death in prostate benign hyperplasia and carcinoma. : Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 (14): 1074-85, 2007. The third trial was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study published in 2015. Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, et al. In one study, FruHis (a ketosamine in dehydrated tomatoes) combined with lycopene resulted in greater growth inhibition of implanted rat prostate cancer cells than did lycopene or FruHis alone. Sanna V, Pintus G, Roggio AM, et al. Lycopene and tomato product intakes were assessed via food frequency questionnaires. The selenium content of the soil where food is raised determines the amount of selenium found in plants and animals. Citrus pectin (CP) is a complex polysaccharide found in the peel and pulp of citrus fruit and can be modified by treatment with high pH and temperature. FPP induced apoptosis to a much greater degree than did CP and PeS. Kurahashi N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20 (4): 638-46, 2011. An association between lycopene serum concentration and risk of cancer was also examined in men participating in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study in Finland. Further analysis revealed that treating prostate cancer cells with heated CP resulted in levels of apoptosis similar to those following treatment with FPP. Wilkinson S, Farrelly S, Low J, et al. Given these caveats, results based on epidemiological evidence should be interpreted with caution. , eds. : Calcium supplements and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare, 2010, pp 402-10. : Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial of the Action of Several Doses of Lycopene in Localized Prostate Cancer: Administration Prior to Radical Prostatectomy. Grainger EM, Hadley CW, Moran NE, et al. Pettersson A, Kasperzyk JL, Kenfield SA, et al. Different selenium-containing compounds have variable effects on prostate cancer cells as well as normal cells and tissues. The effects of lycopene supplementation on prostate tissue and prostate cancer biomarkers were investigated in men with localized prostate cancer in a 2002 pilot study. General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI website. Kumar NB, Pow-Sang J, Egan KM, et al. Higdon JV, Frei B: Tea catechins and polyphenols: health effects, metabolism, and antioxidant functions. : A prospective study of lycopene and tomato product intake and risk of prostate cancer. Treatment with bovine milk resulted in growth stimulation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Whole-tomato supplement containing 10 mg of lycopene (Lycoplus). In this study, the effects of PA, EA, POMx, and PJ on the expression of androgen -synthesizing enzyme genes and the androgen receptor were also measured. : Dairy product, saturated fatty acid, and calcium intake and prostate cancer in a prospective cohort of Japanese men. Catechins other than EGCG were nondetectable or below quantifiable levels in the plasma in many trials. ) Kuntze plant, and the methods by which the leaves are processed determine the type of tea produced. Many studies suggest that complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is common among prostate cancer patients, and the use of vitamins, supplements, and specific foods is frequently reported by these patients. Lee MJ, Maliakal P, Chen L, et al. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2 (7): 673-82, 2009. In 2014, an analysis of SELECT results showed that men who had high selenium status at baseline and who were randomly assigned to receive selenium supplementation had an increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Calcium is required for certain metabolic functions such as vascular contraction and vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling, and hormonal secretion. This study examined plasma carotenoids and tocopherols in relation to PSA levels among men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Glinsky VV, Raz A: Modified citrus pectin anti-metastatic properties: one bullet, multiple targets. Initial results of SELECT, published in 2009, showed no statistically significant difference in the rate of prostate cancer in men who were randomly assigned to receive the selenium supplements. : Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pomegranate juice-induced anti-metastatic effect on prostate cancer cells. Within those categories, saw palmetto, vitamin E, and selenium were the most popular. Forest CP, Padma-Nathan H, Liker HR: Efficacy and safety of pomegranate juice on improvement of erectile dysfunction in male patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. : Effects of lycopene supplementation in patients with localized prostate cancer. : Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer. e. A 2012 study examined the impact of dietary vitamin D and calcium on prostate cancer growth in athymic mice. : Dairy products, calcium intake, and risk of prostate cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews, conducted meta-analyses using Mantel-Haenszel fixed effects models for overall cancer incidence, cardiovascular disease incidence, and all-cause mortality. : A prospective study of calcium intake and incident and fatal prostate cancer. They include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, bok choy, and kale. This cancer information summary provides an overview of the use of various foods and dietary supplements for reducing the risk of developing prostate cancer or for treating prostate cancer. Thakur VS, Gupta K, Gupta S: Green tea polyphenols causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by suppressing class I histone deacetylases. This summary includes the history of research, reviews of laboratory and animal studies, and results of clinical trials on the following foods or dietary supplements. : Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. In a study reported in 2009, the effects of pomegranate metabolites on CYP1B1 activation and expression in CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells were examined. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 (5): 962-8, 2007. Karppi J, Kurl S, Nurmi T, et al. : Dietary calcium does not affect prostate tumor progression in LPB-Tag transgenic mice. The mean difference between groups who received the lycopene supplementation demonstrated a lower percentage of cells expressing Ki-67, compared with the control group. Mordan-McCombs S, Brown T, Zinser G, et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10 (1): 53-8, 2001. Research studies in the laboratory have examined the effects of pomegranate on many prostate cancer cell lines and in rodent models of the disease. 2nd ed. : Calcium intake increases risk of prostate cancer among Singapore Chinese. Gao X, LaValley MP, Tucker KL: Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Case-control and cohort studies, so far, have variously shown beneficial or neutral results, with the exception of one study that has shown an increased risk of the developing advanced prostate cancer with consumption of green tea. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 8 (10): 879-87, 2015. Side effects were reduced with a decaffeinated formulation and when green tea was consumed in nonfasting conditions. : Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 16 (1): 50-5, 2013. These reference citations are included for informational purposes only. Treatment with Polyphenon E resulted in greater decreases in serum levels of PSA and IGF-1 than did treatment with placebo, but these differences were not statistically significant. Together with the catechin monomers, they constitute the green tea polyphenols (GTPs). : Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Many foods have long been studied to find out if they increase cancer risk or can help prevent cancer. : Complementary and alternative medicine use among newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients. A polymorphism at codon 16 of the MnSOD gene in men encodes either alanine (A) or valine (V). The effect of MCP on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (PSADT) was investigated in a 2003 study. Am J Clin Nutr 98 (6 Suppl): 1676S-1681S, 2013. This includes several types of food and parts of foods. For green tea, the leaves are steamed and dried. Yang CS, Wang H: Mechanistic issues concerning cancer prevention by tea catechins. : Nutritional Oncology. : Phase I trial of oral green tea extract in adult patients with solid tumors. In a 2010 study, prostate cancer cells treated with sodium selenite (a natural form of selenium) exhibited increased levels of p53 (a tumor suppressor ). These studies have revealed some unique dose-limiting lethal liver, gastrointestinal, and renal toxicities. In one study, the role of galectin-3, a multifunctional endogenous lectin, in cisplatin -treated prostate cancer cells was examined. : Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols. Because no other causal relationship could be identified, the treating physicians concluded that the fulminant liver failure experienced by this patient was most likely related to the consumption of over-the-counter GTE weight-loss supplements. Furthermore, GTP consumption caused significant apoptosis, which possibly resulted in reduced dissemination of cancer cells, thereby causing inhibition of development, progression, and metastasis to distant organ sites. Pandey M, Shukla S, Gupta S: Promoter demethylation and chromatin remodeling by green tea polyphenols leads to re-expression of GSTP1 in human prostate cancer cells. : Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U. : Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polyphenon E in prostate cancer patients before prostatectomy: evaluation of potential chemopreventive activities. Major sources of calcium in the United States are food and dietary supplements. : Modified citrus pectin (MCP) increases the prostate-specific antigen doubling time in men with prostate cancer: a phase II pilot study. No serious adverse effects were observed during this study, and no participant dropped out due to adverse side effects. Wang L, Alcon A, Yuan H, et al. Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that lycopene may help prevent cardiovascular disease. Rohrmann S, Platz EA, Kavanaugh CJ, et al. g. In another study, the effect of tomato sauce on apoptosis in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue and carcinomas was examined. : Diet and prostate cancer risk with specific focus on dairy products and dietary calcium: a case-control study. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2013. : Lycopene induces cell growth inhibition by altering mevalonate pathway and Ras signaling in cancer cell lines. : Epigallocatechin gallate-loaded polysaccharide nanoparticles for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16 (3): 467-76, 2007. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13 (3): 340-5, 2004. All three trials found that pomegranate extract was safe to consume. Viuda-Martos M, Fernandez-Lopez J, Perez-Alvarez JA: Pomegranate and its many functional components as related to human health: a review. However, PJ and POMx were stronger inhibitors of cell growth than were PA and EA. Henning SM, Aronson W, Niu Y, et al. Seeram NP, Aronson WJ, Zhang Y, et al. The effects of pomegranate on prostate cancer have been examined using a number of rodent models of the disease. In a 2007 study, pectins were investigated for their anticancer properties. Raimondi S, Mabrouk JB, Shatenstein B, et al. : Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in southeast China. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 6 (4): 301-4, 2003. However, cells that did not express galectin-3 (via silencing RNA knockdown of galectin-3 expression or treatment with MCP) were susceptible to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Wang P, Aronson WJ, Huang M, et al. : Calpain activation through galectin-3 inhibition sensitizes prostate cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. Park SY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (18): 10350-5, 2001. It is postulated that these variations, at least in part, can be attributed to several single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in red-pigment lycopene and lipid metabolism. Each type of dietary supplement or food will have a dedicated section in the summary, and new topics will be added over time. Patients scheduled for radical prostatectomy were randomly assigned to drink green tea, black tea, or a soda five times a day for 5 days. Of the 183 patients who enrolled, 64 patients were treated with placebo, 17 patients were treated with PJ, and 102 patients were treated with pomegranate liquid extract, which contained the same compounds found in PJ, with the exception of a higher proportional content of pomegranate polyphenol and a lower anthocyanadin content. Eng J, Ramsum D, Verhoef M, et al. Selenium is implicated in a number of disease states. : Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy product intake and prostate cancer risk: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Prostatic lycopene concentration was the only difference between those whose repeat biopsy showed HGPIN, prostatitis, or prostate cancer. Overall, no association was found between dietary intake of lycopene or tomato products and the risk of prostate cancer. Tissue levels of catechins have also been quite variable when examined. In addition, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been implicated in prostate cancer. Hong MY, Seeram NP, Heber D: Pomegranate polyphenols down-regulate expression of androgen-synthesizing genes in human prostate cancer cells overexpressing the androgen receptor. In the recently completed U. Treating cells with EGCG, kaempferol, and punicic acid further resulted in apoptosis, with punicic acid (the primary constituent of pomegranate seeds) being the strongest inducer of apoptosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21 (3): 428-36, 2012. Med Decis Making 23 (6): 471-9, 2003 Nov-Dec. : Lycopene inhibits DNA synthesis in primary prostate epithelial cells in vitro and its administration is associated with a reduced prostate-specific antigen velocity in a phase II clinical study. Free Radic Biol Med 29 (10): 1051-5, 2000. Carotenoids, found in red, orange, yellow, and some dark green vegetables. No association between serum lycopene, tomato products, and prostate-cancer specific mortality was observed. Gupta S, Hastak K, Ahmad N, et al. ): a review. In one such study, various types of prostate cancer cells were treated with a combination of lycopene and docetaxel, a drug used to treat patients with castration -resistant prostate cancer, or each drug alone. Animal and epidemiological studies have suggested there may be an inverse relationship between selenium supplementation and cancer risk. One study examined vitamin and supplement use in men with a family history of prostate cancer. In light of these findings, researchers wondered if there may be a sensitive subpopulation who would benefit from PJ. General information about clinical trials is also available from the NCI website. In a study reported in 2011, human hormone -independent prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC3 cell lines) were treated with 1% or 5% PJ for times ranging from 12 to 72 hours. The first study examined the associations between carotenoid levels and the risk of high-grade prostate cancer, and also considered antioxidant-related genes and tumor instability. : Clinical benefit in patients with advanced solid tumors treated with modified citrus pectin: a prospective pilot study. A protective effect has been shown for cancers of the mouth, pharynx, voice box, esophagus, and stomach. Pantuck AJ, Leppert JT, Zomorodian N, et al. Jatoi A, Burch P, Hillman D, et al. Siddiqui IA, Asim M, Hafeez BB, et al. Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B: Dairy products, dietary calcium and vitamin D intake as risk factors for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 26,769 cases from 45 observational studies. Konijeti R, Henning S, Moro A, et al. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103 (3-5): 747-51, 2007. Palozza P, Colangelo M, Simone R, et al. Owing to the high concentrations of tea polyphenols used in some of the in vitro experiments, results should be interpreted with caution. Bristow SM, Bolland MJ, MacLennan GS, et al. Kapetanovic IM, Crowell JA, Krishnaraj R, et al. Bushman JL: Green tea and cancer in humans: a review of the literature. In one study, athymic nude mice were injected with tumor-forming cells. At least two studies examined the effect of lycopene blood levels on the risk of high-grade prostate cancer. By the end of the study, serum PSA levels had almost doubled in 12 of the 17 patients, and 5 of 17 patients had achieved PSA stabilization. Ketosamines are carbohydrate derivatives formed when food is dehydrated. Chin Med J (Engl) 123 (16): 2231-6, 2010. Brown MJ, Ferruzzi MG, Nguyen ML, et al. Silver Spring, Md: Food and Drug Administration, 2011. In Asian countries with a high per capita consumption of green tea, prostate cancer mortality rates are among the lowest in the world, and the risk of prostate cancer appears to be increased among Asian men who abandon their original dietary habits upon migrating to the United States. When a linked term is clicked, a definition will appear in a separate window. However, serum testosterone and SHBG levels in the control group remained unchanged. One study investigated the correlation between lycopene blood levels and the rate of progression of prostate cancer. S. Following treatment, improvements were reported in some measures of quality of life, including physical functioning, global health status, fatigue, pain, and insomnia. : Suppression of androgen receptor signaling and prostate specific antigen expression by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in different progression stages of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. : Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial. Chuu CP, Chen RY, Kokontis JM, et al. Zhang X, Wang Q, Neil B, et al. Nguyen MM, Ahmann FR, Nagle RB, et al. Yang CS, Wang H, Li GX, et al. Deka A, Vita JA: Tea and cardiovascular disease. Jatoi A, Ellison N, Burch PA, et al. In a randomized clinical trial published in 2005, 672 men received either 3 g of calcium carbonate (1,200 mg calcium) or placebo daily for 4 years and were followed for 12 years. There is evidence that dietary fat may help increase the absorption of carotenoids, including lycopene. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 43 (1): 89-143, 2003. The only fully reported clinical trial of the use of pomegranate juice in men with prostate cancer showed that, on average, study participants who drank the juice had an increase in their prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (PSADT). 11-14 days). : Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. The results showed that 100% of the mice that received water only developed tumors by age 20 weeks, whereas just 30% and 20% of the mice that received 0. The enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP1B1) has been implicated in cancer development and progression. When prostate cancer cells were treated in vitro with sera collected from men after red tomato paste consumption, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and the ratio of Bax to Bcl2 were up regulated, and cyclin-D1, p53, and Nrf-2 were down regulated compared with expression levels obtained using sera taken after the first washout period. Henning SM, Wang P, Said JW, et al. : A phase II trial of green tea in the treatment of patients with androgen independent metastatic prostate carcinoma. Zheng J, Yang B, Huang T, et al. How do prostate cancer patients decide whether or not to use CAM. In addition, liver function tests should be considered while individuals are on treatment. In 2011, updated results from SELECT showed no significant effects of selenium supplementation on risk, but men who took vitamin E alone had a 17% increase in prostate cancer risk compared with men who took placebo. : Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Green Tea Catechins for Prostate Cancer Prevention. : Dietary lycopene, angiogenesis, and prostate cancer: a prospective study in the prostate-specific antigen era. Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer affecting men in the United States. Bonkovsky HL: Hepatotoxicity associated with supplements containing Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis). Lee A, Thurnham DI, Chopra M: Consumption of tomato products with olive oil but not sunflower oil increases the antioxidant activity of plasma. : Green tea polyphenol EGCG blunts androgen receptor function in prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 87 (23): 1767-76, 1995. : Pomegranate extracts potently suppress proliferation, xenograft growth, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, et al. Men who attended the screening clinic completed questionnaires about supplement use. Mariani S, Lionetto L, Cavallari M, et al. Paller CJ, Ye X, Wozniak PJ, et al. Zu K, Mucci L, Rosner BA, et al. Sailors first brought tea to England in 1644, although tea has been popular in Asia since ancient times. It is likely that the various phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables work together to lower cancer risk. : Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. The most common side effects related to GTC were mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Research also suggests that glutathione-S-transferase pi (GSTP1) may be a tumor suppressor and that hypermethylation of certain regions of this gene (i. Sartippour MR, Seeram NP, Rao JY, et al. The differences in results between the trials may be partly because of less aggressive disease in the 2006 patient population with lower starting PSA values but may also be because the first two trials lacked a placebo arm. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17 (4): 930-7, 2008. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 6 (5): 419-27, 2013. : Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Antwi SO, Steck SE, Zhang H, et al. Yan J, Katz A: PectaSol-C modified citrus pectin induces apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in human and mouse androgen-dependent and- independent prostate cancer cells. : Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived metabolites inhibit prostate cancer growth and localize to the mouse prostate gland. Gastrointestinal adverse effects were usually mild and seen most often at the higher dose levels. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (23): 1768-77, 2005. Pantuck AJ, Pettaway CA, Dreicer R, et al. In: Heber D, Blackburn GL, Go VLW, et al. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 17 (5): 492-9, 2008. Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, et al. : Association of MnSOD AA Genotype with the Progression of Prostate Cancer. Ilic D, Forbes KM, Hassed C: Lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer. : Oral infusion of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits prostate carcinogenesis in the TRAMP model. Jurenka JS: Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. In a 2010 study, prostate cancer cells were treated with PeS or PectaSol-C, the only two MCPs previously used in human trials. S. Albrecht M, Jiang W, Kumi-Diaka J, et al. For black tea, no association was found between black tea consumption and prostate cancer risk. : Serum lycopene concentration and prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Ahn WS, Yoo J, Huh SW, et al. : Safety and chemopreventive effect of Polyphenon E in preventing early and metastatic progression of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice. Studies have suggested that selenium nanoparticles may be less toxic to normal tissues than are other selenium compounds. : Lycopene as a chemopreventive agent in the treatment of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. In a 2007 pilot study, patients with advanced solid tumors (various types of cancers were represented, including prostate cancer) received MCP (5 g MCP powder dissolved in water) 3 times a day for at least 8 weeks. A study reported in 2010 examined the effects of a POMx on the IGF system. A study examined the association of prediagnosis and postdiagnosis dietary lycopene and tomato product intake with prostate-cancer specific mortality in a prospective cohort of men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer. : Calcium, dairy foods, and risk of incident and fatal prostate cancer: the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Pisters KM, Newman RA, Coldman B, et al. The authors suggested that this association needs additional study. Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al. Rocha S, Generalov R, Pereira Mdo C, et al. : Green and black tea intake in relation to prostate cancer risk among Singapore Chinese. Kirsh VA, Mayne ST, Peters U, et al. The study was terminated prematurely because of excessive loss of animals due to morbidity and mortality in all treatment groups. One study investigated the effects of dietary calcium on prostate tumor progression in LPB-Tag transgenic mice. In a pilot study reported in 2007, the safety of PJ in patients with erectile dysfunction was examined. 4 g of MCP powder daily) for 12 months. 2nd ed. How to Work With Your Health Insurance Plan. : Pectin induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: correlation of apoptotic function with pectin structure. Studies in rodent models of prostate cancer have shown that ingestion of pomegranate juice can decrease the rate of development, growth, and spread of prostate cancer. : Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate suppresses early stage, but not late stage prostate cancer in TRAMP mice: mechanisms of action. The pomegranate ( Punica granatum L. : Inhibition of spontaneous metastasis in a rat prostate cancer model by oral administration of modified citrus pectin. : Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. In a study reported in 2011, 6-week-old transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice received normal drinking water or PJ (0. Qin LQ, Xu JY, Wang PY, et al. These foods are likely to protect against some types of cancers. Azemar M, Hildenbrand B, Haering B, et al. Only one patient in this study exhibited a decrease in PSA level. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 (12): 2623-30, 2007. These changes were not statistically significant, compared with the changes in the control arm for this sample size and duration of intervention. In a single-center Italian study, 60 men diagnosed with HGPIN were randomly assigned to receive GTC capsules (600 mg GTCs daily) or a placebo every day for 1 year. 1% and 0. , eds. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 14 (2): 131-6, 2005. : Effects of lycopene on protein expression in human primary prostatic epithelial cells.
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